The former are the "three origins" ( Sanyuan 三元): "refining spirit and reverting to emptiness"īoth Neidan, Neo-Confucianism and Traditional Chinese Medicine distinguish the between "priheaven" ( xiantian 先天), referring to what is innate or natural, and "post heaven" ( houtian 後天), referring to what is acquired in the course of life. In neidan ("internal alchemy") practice, transmuting the Three Treasures is expressed through the sequence: "There are three degrees of Supreme Elixir – the Spirit, the Breath, and the Essential Vigour." Four stages Balfour's brief 1884 essay about the "Imprint of the Heart" ( Xinyin jing) contains the earliest known Western reference to the Three Treasures: In particular, it emphasizes the so-called Three Treasures ( sanbao 三寶), namely, vital essence ( jing 精), subtle breath ( qi 氣), and spirit ( shen 神).įrederic H. Probably dating from the Southern Song dynasty (1127-1279), this anonymous text presents a simple and concise discussion of internal alchemy ( neidan 內丹). The Daoist "Mind-Seal Scripture of the Exalted Jade Sovereign" ( Gaoshang yuhuang xinyin jing ( 高上玉皇心印經), or the "Imprint of the Heart" ( Xinyin jing), is a valuable early source about the Three Treasures. In the figurative language of neidan, the 'cauldron' ( ding) refers to the head and the 'furnace' ( lu) to the abdomen the 'great cauldron' is the place of the refinement of jin, qi, and shen Woodcut illustration of the practice known as 'Refining form in the True Void' ( zhenkong lianxing) from 1615 Xingming guizhi The Three Vitalities Meeting 三家相見圖, 1615 Xingming guizhi Neidan Woodcut illustration of the 'Great and Small Cauldron and Furnace' from Pointers on Spiritual Nature and Bodily Life Xingming guizhi, a Daoist text on internal alchemy published 1615. This jing-qi-shen ordering is more commonly used than the variants qi-jing-shen and shen-qi-jing. Shen 神 "spirit soul, mind god, deity supernatural being, upper thoracic cavity".Qi 氣 "vital energy, life force breath, air, vapor vitality, vigor attitude, abdominal cavity".Jing 精 "nutritive essence, essence spirit, sperm, seed extract refined, perfected, lower abdominal cavity".In long-established Chinese traditions, the "Three Treasures" are the essential energies sustaining human life: The Three Jewels of Buddhism are the external supports for achieving realization, while the Three Treasures of Daoism are interior qualities or attitudes to be cultivated. The Buddha is the teacher, the Dharma is the teaching, and the Sangha is the community. This latter use is misleading, however, as the Three Jewels in Buddhism is a completely different philosophy. It has subsequently also been used to refer to the jing, qi, and shen and to the Buddhist Three Jewels (Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha). ![]() This Chinese name sanbao originally referred to the Daoist " Three Treasures" from the Daodejing, chapter 67: "pity", "frugality", and "refusal to be 'foremost of all things under heaven'". ![]() Despeux 2008, p. 562 Etymology and meaning
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Levels of 1,25(OH)2D do not typically decrease until vitamin D deficiency is severe. In contrast to 25(OH)D, circulating 1,25(OH)2D is generally not a good indicator of vitamin D status because it has a short half-life measured in hours, and serum levels are tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcium, and phosphate. ![]() The international Vitamin D Standardization Program has developed procedures for standardizing the laboratory measurement of 25(OH)D to improve clinical and public health practice. As a result, a finding can be falsely low or falsely high, depending on the assay used and the laboratory. One nmol/L is equal to 0.4 ng/mL, and 1 ng/mL is equal to 2.5 nmol/L.Īssessing vitamin D status by measuring serum 25(OH)D concentrations is complicated by the considerable variability of the available assays (the two most common ones involve antibodies or chromatography) used by laboratories that conduct the analyses. Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D are reported in both nanomoles per liter (nmol/L) and nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL). In serum, 25(OH)D has a fairly long circulating half-life of 15 days. It reflects vitamin D produced endogenously and that obtained from foods and supplements. Serum concentration of 25(OH)D is currently the main indicator of vitamin D status. Neither aging nor obesity alters vitamin D absorption from the gut. The concurrent presence of fat in the gut enhances vitamin D absorption, but some vitamin D is absorbed even without dietary fat. Absorption occurs by simple passive diffusion and by a mechanism that involves intestinal membrane carrier proteins. Both forms are well absorbed in the small intestine. In foods and dietary supplements, vitamin D has two main forms, D 2 (ergocalciferol) and D 3 (cholecalciferol), that differ chemically only in their side-chain structures. Many tissues have vitamin D receptors, and some convert 25(OH)D to 1,25(OH)2D. Many genes encoding proteins that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis are modulated in part by vitamin D. ![]() Vitamin D has other roles in the body, including reduction of inflammation as well as modulation of such processes as cell growth, neuromuscular and immune function, and glucose metabolism. Together with calcium, vitamin D also helps protect older adults from osteoporosis. ![]() Vitamin D sufficiency prevents rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Without sufficient vitamin D, bones can become thin, brittle, or misshapen. It is also needed for bone growth and bone remodeling by osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption in the gut and maintains adequate serum calcium and phosphate concentrations to enable normal bone mineralization and to prevent hypocalcemic tetany (involuntary contraction of muscles, leading to cramps and spasms). The second hydroxylation occurs primarily in the kidney and forms the physiologically active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, also known as calcitriol. The first hydroxylation, which occurs in the liver, converts vitamin D to 25-hydroxyvitamin D, also known as calcidiol. ![]() Vitamin D obtained from sun exposure, foods, and supplements is biologically inert and must undergo two hydroxylations in the body for activation. It is also produced endogenously when ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight strike the skin and trigger vitamin D synthesis. Vitamin D (also referred to as calciferol) is a fat-soluble vitamin that is naturally present in a few foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement. For a general overview, see our consumer fact sheet.įor information on vitamin D and COVID-19, see Dietary Supplements in the Time of COVID-19. This is a fact sheet intended for health professionals. ![]()
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